Bugphobic and icephobic compositions with fluid additives

ABSTRACT

Some variations provide an anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition comprising: (a) one or more first soft segments selected from fluoropolymers; (b) one or more second soft segments selected from polyesters or polyethers; (c) one or more isocyanate species possessing an isocyanate functionality of 2 or greater, or a reacted form thereof; (d) one or more polyol or polyamine chain extenders or crosslinkers, or a reacted form thereof; and (e) a fluid additive selectively disposed in the first soft segments or in the second soft segments. Other variations provide an anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition comprising a fluid additive precursor selectively disposed in the first soft segments or in the second soft segments, wherein the fluid additive precursor includes a protecting group. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition may be present in an anti-ice coating, an anti-bug coating, an anti-friction coating, an energy-transfer material, or an energy-storage material, for example.

PRIORITY DATA

This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent App. No. 62/624,230, filed on Jan. 31, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. This patent application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/727,669, filed on Oct. 9, 2017, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/829,640, filed on Aug. 19, 2015, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to structured coatings, compositions suitable for such coatings, and methods of making and using the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Coatings and materials can become soiled from debris (particles, insects, oils, etc.) impacting the surface. The debris affects airflow over the surface as well as aesthetics and normally is removed by washing. Insect impact residue affects vehicle fuel economy, aesthetics, and operator vision. On aircraft, insect residue interferes with airflow over a surface, increasing drag and thus fuel consumption. On automobiles, the light dispersion of headlights, operator vision through the windshield, and aesthetic appeal are degraded from insect remains.

Many solutions to reduce insect debris, such as mechanical scrapers, sacrificial continually released liquid layers, and passive coatings with engineered topology have been flight-tested. However, the best-performing liquid layer release systems add a large size and weight penalty, while the durability of nanostructured surfaces on aircraft or automobile surfaces is unproven. Attempts to mitigate insect accumulation during the early days of aircraft development included mechanical scrapers, deflectors, traps, in-flight detachable surfaces, in-flight dissolvable surfaces, viscous surface fluids, continuous washing fluids, and suction slots. The results of most of these trials were determined ineffective or impractical for commercial use.

One approach to this problem is to create a passive, self-cleaning surface that removes debris from itself by controlling chemical interactions between the debris and the surface. Passive coatings that reduce insect debris are desirable because they have less parasitic mass and do not require the wiring and energy of active systems. No commercial coating provides sufficient residue reduction.

Polymeric materials having low surface energies are widely used for non-stick coatings. These materials are tailored with careful control of their chemical composition (thus surface energy) and mechanical properties. Polymers containing low-energy perfluoropolyethers and perfluoroalkyl groups have been explored for low adhesion and solvent repellency applications. While these low-energy polymers facilitate release of materials adhering to them in both air and water, they do not necessarily provide a lubricated surface to promote clearance of foreign substances. See Vaidya and Chaudhury, “Synthesis and Surface Properties of Environmentally Responsive Segmented Polyurethanes” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 249, 235-245 (2002). A fluorinated polyurethane is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,798 issued Jul. 26, 1994 to Ferreri et al.

Coatings and materials can also become contaminated from ice forming on the surface. The debris and ice both affect airflow over the surface, for example. Passive, durable anti-icing coatings have been identified as a need in the aerospace field for many decades. However, previous solutions lacked a required level of performance in ice adhesion reduction, adequate long-term durability, or both of these. Some of the most-effective coatings for reducing ice adhesion are dependent on sacrificial oils or greases that have limited useful lifetimes and require regular reapplication. Currently, durable coatings for exposed areas on fixed wing and rotorcraft (such as the leading edge of the wing or rotorblade) include thermoplastic elastomers bonded to the vehicle surface using a film adhesive or an activated adhesive backing incorporated into the coating itself. However, prior compositions do not provide any benefit in lowering ice adhesion.

There remains a desire for coatings on aircraft exteriors (and other aerospace-relevant surfaces) in order to passively suppress the growth of ice, in addition to removing debris, near strategic points on the vehicle—such as the rotorblade edge, wing leading edge, or engine inlet. There also exists a need for high-performance coating materials fabricated in a way that preserves coating function during actual use.

Block copolymers include segmented copolymers containing hard and soft segments. The terminology “hard segments” and “soft segments” derives from the morphology of elastomeric polymers containing phase-separated regions (the hard and soft segments). Generally, soft segments have glass-transition temperatures below 25° C., while hard segments have higher glass-transition temperatures. Soft segments tend to be amorphous, while hard segments are glassy at room temperature and may be crystalline.

Segmented polyurethanes are one such example of physically associated block copolymers in which the backbone includes statistical segments (i.e., regions of polymer backbone) of flexible, weakly associating soft-segment chains typically between 1,000-5,000 g/mol molecular weight and often composed of polyesters or polyethers mixed with rigid highly associated segments containing a high density of urethane bonds. Such structures normally phase-separate at the molecular level (see Petrovic et al., “POLYURETHANE ELASTOMERS” Prog. Polym. Sci., Vol. 16, 695-836, 1991, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein). The soft segments provide the ability to extend under stress, while the associated hard segments limit flow and creep of the material under stress and provide elastic recovery.

A fluid additive may be introduced to a crosslinked polymer in order to swell the network. Swelling in crosslinked polymers can be found in common household items such as the polyelectrolytes used in diapers, along with more sophisticated applications including hydrogels in biomedical fields for the growth of cell tissue or drug delivery. Typically, these materials are covalently crosslinked networks composed of a single polymer phase that expands to incorporate liquid with the expansion arrested by the covalent bonding in the network. Multiphase polymeric materials (in particular, block copolymers) have a similar ability to swell in the presence of a liquid. One phase usually swells preferentially, depending on the character of the separate phases and the liquid. With multi-component block copolymers, the nature of the crosslinking that will arrest the swelling can be either covalent, as in the case of vulcanized materials, or physical, as found in many hydrogen-bonded structures.

Anti-fouling coatings are useful in both bugphobic and icephobic applications. Potential applications include aerospace-relevant surfaces, wind turbine blades, automobiles, trucks, trains, ocean-going vessels, electrical power transmission lines, buildings, windows, antennas, filters, instruments, sensors, cameras, satellites, weapon systems, and chemical plant infrastructure (e.g., heat exchangers).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Some variations of the invention provide an anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition comprising:

(a) one or more first soft segments selected from fluoropolymers having an average molecular weight from about 500 g/mol to about 20,000 g/mol, wherein the fluoropolymers are (α,ω)-hydroxyl-terminated, (α,ω)-amine-terminated, and/or (α,ω)-thiol-terminated;

(b) one or more second soft segments selected from polyesters or polyethers, wherein the polyesters or polyethers are (α,ω)-hydroxyl-terminated, (α,ω)-amine-terminated, and/or (α,ω)-thiol-terminated;

(c) one or more isocyanate species possessing an isocyanate functionality of 2 or greater, or a reacted form thereof;

(d) one or more polyol or polyamine chain extenders or crosslinkers, or a reacted form thereof; and

(e) a fluid additive selectively disposed in the first soft segments or in the second soft segments.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive is a freezing-point depressant for water. For example, the freezing-point depressant for water may be selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, poly(ethylene glycol), urea, sodium formate, and combinations, isomers, or homologous species thereof.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive includes a chloride salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive includes an acetate salt selected from the group consisting of calcium acetate, magnesium acetate, calcium magnesium acetate, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, and combinations thereof.

The fluid additive may a lubricant, such as one selected from the group consisting of fluorinated oils, fluorocarbon ether polymers of polyhexafluoropropylene, polydioxolane, siloxanes, silicone-based oils, polydimethylsiloxane-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers, polydimethylsiloxane-fluoropolymer copolymers, polydimethylsiloxane-polydioxolane copolymers, petroleum-derived oils, mineral oil, plant-derived oils, canola oil, soybean oil, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive includes a polyelectrolyte and a counterion to the polyelectrolyte. The polyelectrolyte may be selected from the group consisting of poly(acrylic acid) or copolymers thereof, cellulose-based polymers, carboxymethyl cellulose, chitosan, poly(styrene sulfonate) or copolymers thereof, poly(acrylic acid) or copolymers thereof, poly(methacrylic acid) or copolymers thereof, poly(allylamine), and combinations of any of the foregoing, for example. The counterion(s) may be selected from the group consisting of H⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, La³⁺, C₁₆N⁺, F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, BF₄ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, PO₄ ²⁻, C₁₂SO₃ ⁻, and combinations thereof, for example.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive is an electrolyte for use in battery or other energy-device applications. An electrolyte may be selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol), dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl dicarbonate, ionic liquids, and combinations thereof.

In various embodiments, the fluid additive includes alcohol groups, amine groups, thiol groups, or a combination thereof.

The fluid additive may be present in the composition at a concentration from about 1 wt % to about 75 wt %.

The molar ratio of the second soft segments to the first soft segments is less than 2.0, in certain embodiments.

In some anti-fouling segmented copolymer compositions, the fluoropolymers are present in the triblock structure:

wherein: X, Y═CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p)-T, and X and Y are independently selected; p=1 to 50; T is a hydroxyl, amine, or thiol terminal group; m=1 to 100; and n=0 to 100, or 1 to 100.

In preferred embodiments, the first soft segments and the second soft segments are microphase-separated on a microphase-separation length scale from about 0.1 microns to about 500 microns. The microphase-separation length scale is from about 0.5 microns to about 100 microns, in some embodiments.

The first soft segments and the second soft segments further may be nanophase-separated on a nanophase-separation length scale from about 10 nanometers to about 100 nanometers. The nanophase-separation length scale is hierarchically distinct from the microphase-separation length scale.

The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition may be present in an anti-ice coating, an anti-bug coating, an anti-friction coating, an energy-transfer material, or an energy-storage material, for example.

Other variations of the invention provide an anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition comprising:

(a) one or more first soft segments selected from fluoropolymers having an average molecular weight from about 500 g/mol to about 20,000 g/mol, wherein the fluoropolymers are (α,ω)-hydroxyl-terminated, (α,ω)-amine-terminated, and/or (α,ω)-thiol-terminated;

(b) one or more second soft segments selected from polyesters or polyethers, wherein the polyesters or polyethers are (α,ω)-hydroxyl-terminated, (α,ω)-amine-terminated, and/or (α,ω)-thiol-terminated;

(c) one or more isocyanate species possessing an isocyanate functionality of 2 or greater, or a reacted form thereof;

(d) one or more polyol or polyamine chain extenders or crosslinkers, or a reacted form thereof; and

(e) a fluid additive precursor selectively disposed in the first soft segments or in the second soft segments, wherein the fluid additive precursor includes a protecting group.

In some embodiments of the precursor composition, the fluid additive precursor includes alcohol groups and at least one protecting group that protects the alcohol groups from reacting with the anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition. For example, the protecting group may be selected from the group consisting of trimethylsilyl ether, isopropyldimethylsilyl ether, tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether, tribenzylsilyl ether, triisopropylsilyl ether, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl ether, 2-naphthylmethyl ether, 4-methoxybenzyl ether, acetate, benzoate, benzyl ether, benzyloxymethyl acetal, ethoxyethyl acetal, methoxymethyl acetal, methoxypropyl acetal, methyl ether, tetrahydropyranyl acetal, triethylsilyl ether, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments of the precursor composition, the fluid additive precursor includes amine groups and at least one protecting group that protects the amine groups from reacting with the anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition. For example, the protecting group may be selected from the group consisting of vinyl carbamate, 1-chloroethyl carbamate, 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide, acetamide, benzylamine, benzyloxy carbamate, formamide, methyl carbamate, trifluoroacetamide, tert-butoxy carbamate, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments of the precursor composition, the fluid additive precursor includes thiol groups and at least one protecting group that protects the thiol groups from reacting with the anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition. For example, the protecting group may be selected from the group consisting of S-2,4-dinitrophenyl thioether, S-2-nitro-1-phenylethyl thioether, and a combination of the two.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive precursor includes a protecting group that is capable of deprotecting the fluid additive precursor in the presence of atmospheric moisture.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive precursor is capable of condensation curing to increase its molecular weight. For example, the fluid additive precursor may include a silane, a silyl ether, a silanol, an alcohol, or a combination or reaction product thereof.

In the anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition, the molar ratio of the second soft segments to the first soft segments is less than 2.0, in certain embodiments.

The fluid additive precursor may be present in the anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition at a concentration from about 1 wt % to about 75 wt %, for example.

In some embodiments of the anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition, the fluoropolymers are present in the triblock structure:

wherein: X, Y═CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p)-T, and X and Y are independently selected; p=1 to 50; T is a hydroxyl, amine, or thiol terminal group; m=1 to 100; and n=0 to 100, or 1 to 100.

In some anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor compositions, the first soft segments and the second soft segments are microphase-separated on a microphase-separation length scale from about 0.1 microns to about 500 microns.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawings will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIG. 1 depicts a composition comprising a first solid material and a second solid material that are microphase-separated, and a fluid selectively disposed in either of the first solid material or the second solid material, in some embodiments.

FIG. 2 depicts a composition comprising a first solid material and a second solid material that are microphase-separated, and a fluid selectively disposed in either of the first solid material or the second solid material, in some embodiments.

FIG. 3A is a confocal laser scanning microscopy image for the polymer film of Example 1 (scale bar=100 μm).

FIG. 3B is a confocal laser scanning microscopy image for the polymer film of Example 1 (scale bar=25 μm).

FIG. 4A is a confocal laser scanning microscopy image for the polymer film of Example 3 (scale bar=100 μm).

FIG. 4B is a confocal laser scanning microscopy image for the polymer film of Example 3 (scale bar=25 μm).

FIG. 5A is a confocal laser scanning microscopy image for the polymer film of Example 1 (scale bar=100 μm).

FIG. 5B is a confocal laser scanning microscopy image for the polymer film of Example 3 (scale bar=25 μm).

FIG. 6 is a series of Nyquist plots from three humidified polymeric coatings composed of variable concentrations of fluoropolymer and poly(ethylene glycol) flexible segments, in Example 4.

FIG. 7 is a plot of ionic conductivities on a log scale as a function of PEG content, in Example 4. These plots reveal a strong correlation between ionic conductivity and concentration of hygroscopic component (PEG), and indicate continuity of the hygroscopic phase throughout the film.

FIG. 8 is a series of Nyquist plots for three polymer films of Example 5, on a log-log scale with a dashed line indicating the film resistance.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The materials, compositions, structures, systems, and methods of the present invention will be described in detail by reference to various non-limiting embodiments.

This description will enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and it describes several embodiments, adaptations, variations, alternatives, and uses of the invention. These and other embodiments, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art when taken with reference to the following detailed description of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing conditions, concentrations, dimensions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending at least upon a specific analytical technique.

The term “comprising,” which is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. “Comprising” is a term of art used in claim language which means that the named claim elements are essential, but other claim elements may be added and still form a construct within the scope of the claim.

As used herein, the phrase “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim. When the phrase “consists of” (or variations thereof) appears in a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediately following the preamble, it limits only the element set forth in that clause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole. As used herein, the phrase “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified elements or method steps, plus those that do not materially affect the basis and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed subject matter.

With respect to the terms “comprising,” “consisting of,” and “consisting essentially of,” where one of these three terms is used herein, the presently disclosed and claimed subject matter may include the use of either of the other two terms, except when used in a Markush group. Thus in some embodiments not otherwise explicitly recited, any instance of “comprising” may be replaced by “consisting of” or, alternatively, by “consisting essentially of.”

HRL Laboratories' technologies described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/658,188 (filed on Mar. 14, 2015), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/829,640 (filed on Aug. 19, 2015), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/073,615 (filed on Mar. 17, 2016), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/608,975 (filed on May 30, 2017), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/727,669 (filed on Oct. 9, 2017) include, among other things, polymeric coating compositions containing fluoropolymer and poly(ethylene glycol) flexible segments that phase-separate to create regions rich in the two respective components on microscopic length scales (such as 0.1-100 μm). These coatings have application potential for bugphobicity due to the fact that they combine non-stick fluoropolymer regions with water-absorbing poly(ethylene glycol) regions that can swell with water and provide lubricity. The combination of non-stick regions and lubrication improves the probability of insects or debris striking the surface and bouncing or sliding off with little to no residue left behind. Certain thermoplastic compositions disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/829,640 have been found to significantly delay the freezing of ice. Certain vulcanized variations disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/073,615 segregate fluoropolymer and water-absorbing elements in discrete block copolymer precursors, for bugphobicity while maintaining good transparency. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 14/658,188, 14/829,640, 15/073,615, 15/608,975, 15/727,669, and 15/960,149 are each hereby incorporated by reference herein.

This patent application is premised on the preferential incorporation of a fluid additive within one or more phases of a multiphase polymer coating. The structure of a microphase-separated polymer network provides reservoirs for fluid in either the discrete or continuous phases, or potentially for distinct fluids in different phases. These solid/fluid hybrid materials have potential to improve physical properties associated with the coating in applications such as anti-fouling (e.g., anti-ice or anti-bug) surfaces, ion conduction, and corrosion resistance. Coating performance may be enhanced compared to coatings containing only solid materials, across a range of applications.

As intended herein, “microphase-separated” means that the first and second solid materials (e.g., soft segments) are physically separated on a microphase-separation length scale from about 0.1 microns to about 500 microns.

Unless otherwise indicated, all references to “phases” in this patent application are in reference to solid phases or fluid phases. A “phase” is a region of space (forming a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform. Examples of physical properties include density and chemical composition. A solid phase is a region of solid material that is chemically uniform and physically distinct from other regions of solid material (or any liquid or vapor materials that may be present). Solid phases are typically polymeric and may melt or at least undergo a glass transition at elevated temperatures. Reference to multiple solid phases in a composition or microstructure means that there are at least two distinct material phases that are solid, without forming a solid solution or homogeneous mixture.

As intended herein, a “fluid” (or equivalently, “fluid additive”) is a material that has a fluid phase at 25° C. and 1 bar pressure. A “fluid phase” as meant herein is a material phase in which a material has a dynamic (shear) viscosity of about 10⁶ Pa·s or less at 25° C. As examples, the viscosity of water at 25° C. is about 10⁻³ Pa·s, the viscosity of glycerol at 25° C. is about 1 Pa·s, and the viscosity of a silicone polymer at 25° C. is typically about 10⁵ Pa·s.

Polymers (e.g., polyelectrolytes) that flow over reasonable time scales are considered as fluids, in this disclosure; a viscosity of about 10⁶ Pa·s or less at 25° C. is taken as the criterion for flow over reasonable time scales. Materials that have viscosities higher than 10⁶ Pa·s at 25° C. (such as amorphous solids or glasses)—even if they technically are able to flow on long time scales—are considered in this disclosure as solids, rather than fluids.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive is in the form of a liquid. Preferably, the fluid additive is not solely in a vapor phase at 25° C., since vapor is susceptible to leaking from the multiphase polymer composition. However, the fluid additive may contain vapor in equilibrium with liquid, at 25° C. Also, in certain embodiments, a fluid additive is in liquid form at 25° C. but at least partially in vapor form at a higher use temperature, such as 30° C., 40° C., 50° C., or higher.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive is in gel form. A “gel” is a dispersion of molecules of a liquid within a solid medium. A gel is a jelly-like material that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough. By weight, gels are mostly liquid, but behave like solids due to a three-dimensional crosslinked network within the liquid. Gels may be or include polymers, but that is not necessarily the case.

Some variations provide a composition comprising: a first solid material and a second solid material that are chemically distinct, wherein the first solid material and the second solid material are microphase-separated, and wherein the first solid material and the second solid material have different surface energies; and at least one fluid selectively disposed in either of the first solid material or the second solid material. In preferred embodiments, the first and second solid materials are first and second soft segments of a segmented copolymer.

Many fluids are possible for inclusion in the polymer composition. One example is water introduced into a hygroscopic phase in order to lubricate the surface to lower potential for debris (e.g., bugs) to accumulate at a surface. Another example is a fluorinated fluid that is incorporated into a low-surface-energy phase to provide a similar lubricating effect. Traditional anti-freeze liquids (such as glycols including ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, or ethylene glycol oligomers) are useful for improving anti-icing properties. The incorporation of carbonate-based liquids or oligomers of polyethers can improve ionic conductivity for use in energy-storage applications, for example.

By a fluid being “disposed in” a solid material, it is meant that the fluid is incorporated into the bulk phase of the solid material, and/or onto the surface of the solid material. The fluid additive will be in close physical proximity with the solid material, intimately and/or adjacently. The disposition is meant to include various mechanisms of chemical or physical incorporation, including but not limited to, chemical or physical absorption, chemical or physical adsorption, chemical bonding, ion exchange, or reactive inclusion (which may convert at least some of the fluid into another component or a different phase, including potentially a solid). Also, a fluid disposed in a solid material may or may not be in thermodynamic equilibrium with the local composition or the environment. Fluids may or may not be permanently contained in the composition; for example, depending on volatility or other factors, some fluid may be lost to the environment over time.

By “selectively” disposed in one of the first or second solid materials, or the “selectivity” into one of the first or second solid materials, it is meant that of the fluid that is disposed within the composition, at least 51%, preferably at least 75%, and more preferably at least 90% of the fluid is disposed in only one of the solid materials. In various embodiments, the selectivity into one of the solid materials is about, or at least about, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%. Note that there may be excess fluid that is not disposed in either of the first or second solid materials; this excess fluid can be recovered and is not included in the calculation of selectivity.

In some embodiments, a fluid additive is added to a cured polymer such as by submerging and soaking into the first or second soft segments or otherwise disposing the fluid additive in the first or second soft segments. In these embodiments, the fluid may be absorbed into a solid material. In certain embodiments, the fluid absorption into a given solid material swells that material, which means that there is an increase of volume of that solid material due to absorption of the fluid. Note that the fluid may be, but does not need to be, classified as a solvent for the solid material which it swells. Selectively swelling only one of the solid materials (phases), rather than non-selectively swelling the entire composition, avoids chemically or physically destabilizing the overall polymer network.

In some embodiments, a fluid is not necessarily absorbed into a solid material but rather is entrapped within a film of the solid material, or in a plurality of regions of solid material that surround fluid. These embodiments arise, for example, when a fluid additive is introduced to a liquid reaction mixture while mixing, followed by casting the mixture in the liquid state. As the polymer film cures, droplets or regions of fluid additive may be trapped by regions of surrounding cured polymer soft segments, thereby forming a fluid additive disposed in the first or second soft segments. In certain embodiments, a fluid additive is also added to the already cured polymer such as by submerging and soaking into the first or second soft segments, resulting in a fluid additive disposed in the first or second soft segments in multiple ways.

In addition to the fluid(s), various solid additives may be present. Additives may be selected from the group consisting of a particulate filler, a lubricating agent, a pigment, a dye, a plasticizer, a flame retardant, a flattening agent, and a substrate adhesion promoter. Mixtures of fluids and solids may be selectively incorporated into one of the first solid material and the second solid material.

In some embodiments, the first soft segments form a continuous matrix and the second soft segments are a plurality of discrete inclusions. In other embodiments, the first soft segments are a plurality of discrete inclusions and the second soft segments form a continuous matrix. In some embodiments, there are both phase-separated inclusions of the same chemical material, as well as physically and chemically distinct materials as additional inclusions.

The phase-separated microstructure preferably includes discrete islands of one material within a continuous sea of the other material. The continuous or percolating phase(s) provides unbroken channels within the material for transport of mass and/or electrical charge. Either the discrete or continuous phase, or both of these, may serve as a reservoir for performance-enhancing fluids such as anti-freeze liquids, lubricants, polyelectrolytes, or ionic electrolytes. In some embodiments, incorporation of a fluid that is selective for the continuous phase is desirable. In other embodiments, incorporation of a fluid that is selective for the discrete phase is desirable.

The first solid material and the second solid material are preferably both present as phase-separated regions of a copolymer, such as a block copolymer. As intended herein, a “block copolymer” means a copolymer containing a linear arrangement of blocks, where each block is defined as a portion of a polymer molecule in which the monomeric units have at least one constitutional or configurational feature absent from the adjacent portions. Segmented block copolymers are preferred, providing two (or more) phases. A fluid is selected to absorb selectively into one of the phases, or potentially in two phases when there are three or more phases present, or generally in less than all of the phases present in the composition. An exemplary segmented copolymer is a urethane-urea copolymer. In some embodiments, a segmented polyurethane includes a microphase-separated structure of fluorinated and non-fluorinated species.

Segmented copolymers are typically created by combining a flexible oligomeric soft segment terminated with an alcohol or amine reactive groups and a multifunctional isocyanate. When the isocyanate is provided in excess relative to the alcohol/amine reactive groups, a viscous prepolymer mixture with a known chain length distribution is formed. This can then be cured to a high-molecular-weight network through the addition of amine or alcohol reactive groups to bring the ratio of isocyanate to amine/alcohol groups to unity. The product of this reaction is a chain backbone with alternating segments: soft segments of flexible oligomers and hard segments of the reaction product of low-molecular-weight isocyanates and alcohol/amines.

Due to the chemical immiscibility of these two phases, the material typically phase-separates on the length scale of these individual molecular blocks, thereby creating a microstructure of flexible regions adjacent to rigid segments strongly associated through hydrogen bonding of the urethane/urea moieties. This combination of flexible and associated elements typically produces a physically crosslinked elastomeric material.

Some variations of the invention provide an anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition comprising:

(a) one or more first soft segments selected from fluoropolymers having an average molecular weight from about 500 g/mol to about 20,000 g/mol, wherein the fluoropolymers are (α,ω)-hydroxyl-terminated, (α,ω)-amine-terminated, and/or (α,ω)-thiol-terminated;

(b) one or more second soft segments selected from polyesters or polyethers, wherein the polyesters or polyethers are (α,ω)-hydroxyl-terminated, (α,ω)-amine-terminated, and/or (α,ω)-thiol-terminated;

(c) one or more isocyanate species possessing an isocyanate functionality of 2 or greater, or a reacted form thereof;

(d) one or more polyol or polyamine chain extenders or crosslinkers, or a reacted form thereof;

(e) a first fluid additive selectively disposed in the first soft segments or in the second soft segments; and

-   -   (f) optionally a second fluid additive selectively disposed in         the first soft segments or second soft segments not containing         the first fluid additive, or containing less of the first fluid         additive compared to the other soft segments,

wherein the first soft segments and the second soft segments may (in some embodiments) be microphase-separated on a microphase-separation length scale from about 0.1 microns to about 500 microns, and

wherein optionally the molar ratio of the second soft segments to the first soft segments is less than 2.0.

In certain embodiments of this disclosure, a fluid is disposed within both of the first soft segments and the second soft segments, but not disposed within hard segments containing the reacted isocyanate species and the reacted polyol or polyamine chain extenders or crosslinkers. In various embodiments, at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of the fluid is disposed within the first and second soft segments collectively, on the basis of the overall composition including hard segments and any other materials or phases present. Preferably, of the fluid that is contained within the first and second soft segments, that fluid is selectively present in either the first or second soft segments, i.e., not 50% into each of the first and second soft segments.

In some embodiments of the anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition, the fluoropolymers are present in the triblock structure:

wherein: X, Y═CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p)-T, and X and Y are independently selected; p=1 to 50; T is a hydroxyl, amine, or thiol terminal group; m=1 to 100; and n=0 to 100 (in some embodiments, n=1 to 100).

In some embodiments, the fluid additive is a freezing-point depressant for water. For example, the fluid additive may be selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, poly(ethylene glycol), polyols, urea, sodium formate, and combinations, isomers, or homologous species thereof. The freezing-point depressant may be aqueous or non-aqueous.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive includes a chloride salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive includes an acetate salt selected from the group consisting of calcium acetate, magnesium acetate, calcium magnesium acetate, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, and combinations thereof.

The fluid additive may a lubricant, such as one selected from the group consisting of fluorinated oils, fluorocarbon ether polymers of polyhexafluoropropylene, polydioxolane, siloxanes, silicone-based oils, polydimethylsiloxane-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers, polydimethylsiloxane-fluoropolymer copolymers, polydimethylsiloxane-polydioxolane copolymers, petroleum-derived oils, mineral oil, plant-derived oils, canola oil, soybean oil, and combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, the fluid additive is a silicone-based oil that includes a graft copolymer having a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) backbone with at least one a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) sidearm, at least one fluoropolymer (e.g., fluorosilicone) sidearm, or both types of sidearms to create a brush-like graft block copolymer.

The fluid additive may be aqueous or non-aqueous. In certain embodiments, the fluid additive is or includes water. When it is desired for water to be selectively disposed in one of the phases, the water may be derived passively from atmospheric humidity, for example. In particular, water absorption may lead to a lubricating surface layer in the presence of humidity, or an ionically conducting surface layer in the presence of humidity, for example.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive is an electrolyte for use in battery or other energy-device applications, which may be aqueous or non-aqueous. For example, the fluid additive may be selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol), ionic liquids, dissolved salts, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl dicarbonate, and combinations thereof.

In various embodiments, the fluid additive includes alcohol groups, amine groups, thiol groups, or a combination thereof. In these or other embodiments, the fluid additive includes water.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive includes a polyelectrolyte and a counterion to the polyelectrolyte. The polyelectrolyte may be selected from the group consisting of poly(acrylic acid) or copolymers thereof, cellulose-based polymers, carboxymethyl cellulose, chitosan, poly(styrene sulfonate) or copolymers thereof, poly(acrylic acid) or copolymers thereof, poly(methacrylic acid) or copolymers thereof, poly(allylamine), and combinations thereof, for example. The counterion may be selected from the group consisting of H⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, La³⁺, C₁₆N⁺, F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, BF₄, SO₄ ², PO₄ ², C₁₂SO₃ ⁻, and combinations thereof, for example.

Polyelectrolytes combined with counterions can be effective to reduce ice adhesion, for example. Other ionic species, combined with counterions, may be employed as well in the fluid additive. Generally, in some embodiments, ionic species may be selected from the group consisting of an ionizable salt, an ionizable molecule, a zwitterionic component, a polyelectrolyte, an ionomer, and combinations thereof.

An “ionomer” is a polymer composed of ionomer molecules. An “ionomer molecule” is a macromolecule in which a significant (e.g., greater than 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 mol %) proportion of the constitutional units have ionizable or ionic groups, or both.

The classification of a polymer as an ionomer versus polyelectrolyte depends on the level of substitution of ionic groups as well as how the ionic groups are incorporated into the polymer structure. For example, polyelectrolytes also have ionic groups covalently bonded to the polymer backbone, but have a higher ionic group molar substitution level (such as greater than 50 mol %, usually greater than 80 mol %). Polyelectrolytes are polymers whose repeating units bear an electrolyte group. Polyelectrolyte properties are thus similar to both electrolytes (salts) and polymers. Like salts, their solutions are electrically conductive. Like polymers, their solutions are often viscous.

Commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/391,749, filed Dec. 27, 2016, is hereby incorporated by reference for its teachings of ionic species that may be included in the fluid additives of this disclosure.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive includes an ionic species selected from the group consisting of (2,2-bis-(1-(1-methyl imidazolium)-methylpropane-1,3-diol bromide), 1,2-bis(2′-hydroxyethyl)imidazolium bromide, (3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropyl)-3-methyl-1H-3λ⁴-imidazol-1-ium bromide, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)butyric acid, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, N-methyl-2,2′-iminodiethanol, 3-dimethylamino-1,2-propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid, 1,4-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, 2,6-diaminocaproic acid, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid hemicalsium salt, dimethylolpropionic acid, N-methyldiethanolamine, N-ethyldiethanolamine, N-propyldiethanolamine, N-benzyldiethanolamine, N-t-butyldiethanolamine, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) benzylamine, bis(2-hydroxypropyl) aniline, and homologues, combinations, derivatives, or reaction products thereof.

Combinations of fluid additives are possible. In this case, multiple fluids may be selectively disposed in one of the first or second solid materials. Alternatively, or additionally, a first fluid may be selectively disposed in one of the first or second solid materials, and a second fluid may be selectively disposed in, respectively, the second or first (i.e., the other) solid material. For example, a first fluid may be an organic material that selectively swells the first soft segments, and a second fluid may be water that is selectively disposed in the second soft segments (e.g., a hygroscopic phase). The first fluid may be, for example, mineral oil to improve lubricity and bugphobicity. As another example, a first fluid may provide electrical or ionic conductivity in a continuous phase (first soft segments), while a second fluid adjusts lubrication or water freezing properties of second soft segments.

The fluid additive, or combination of multiple fluid additives, may be present in the composition at a concentration from about 5 wt % to about 90 wt %, for example. In various embodiments, the fluid, or combination of multiple fluids, is present in the composition at a concentration of about 1 wt %, 2 wt %, 5 wt %, 10 wt %, 20 wt %, 30 wt %, 40 wt %, 50 wt %, 60 wt %, 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, or more.

The fluid additive may be introduced into one of the phases actively, passively, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a fluid is actively introduced to a phase by spraying of the fluid, deposition from a vapor phase containing the fluid material, fluid injection, bath immersion, or other techniques. In some embodiments, a fluid is passively introduced to a phase by letting a fluid (liquid or vapor) naturally be extracted from the normal atmosphere, or from a local atmosphere adjusted to contain one or more desired fluids in vapor or droplet (e.g., mist) form.

In certain embodiments, a desired additive is normally a solid at room temperature and is first dissolved or suspended in a fluid that is then disposed in the first or second material of the composition. In certain embodiments, the fluid additive further contains a solid lubricant suspended or dissolved in the liquid.

In other certain embodiments, a desired fluid additive is normally a solid at room temperature and is first melted to produce a liquid that is then disposed in the composition. Within the composition, the desired additive may partially or completely solidify back to a solid, or may form a multiphase material, for example. Thus in certain embodiments, the composition includes at least one additive selectively disposed in either of the first soft segments or the second soft segments, wherein the additive may be derived from a solid, liquid, or vapor, and wherein the additive, when present in the composition, may be in liquid or dissolved form.

Optionally, the fluid additive contains solid particles (that are solid at a temperature of 25° C. and 1 bar pressure) suspended or dissolved in the fluid additive. Solid particles may also be present in a distinct phase from the fluid additive, but disposed in a suspension with the fluid additive. For example, the fluid additive may contain solid lubricant particles suspended or dissolved in the liquid. A “solid lubricant” reduces friction of an object or particle that is sliding along the surface of a coating containing the material. A solid lubricant aids the sliding of debris (e.g., bug fragments, dirt, ice, etc.) across the surface. Exemplary solid lubricants include graphite and molybdenum disulfide. Solid particles may be included in the liquid for other reasons, such as for coating strength or durability, or to enhance absorption of the liquid into the selected phase, for example.

A possible shortcoming to a low-molecular-weight fluid additive that swells one or both phases is the potential for steady loss of the fluid over time, such as due to leakage or volatility. This loss can be accelerated due to environmental effects such as exposure to rain, wind, sand, or acceleration of the vehicle onto which the coating is applied. Temporal degradation of physical properties that the fluid confers is undesirable. Some embodiments employ fluid species that can be polymerized or condensed into high-molecular-weight derivatives, while retaining their original performance attributes.

In certain embodiments, low-molecular-weight anti-freeze species such as glycols derive their freezing-point reduction power from the ability of their alcohol groups to interact with the associated H-bonding network of water and frustrate crystallization of bulk water. A similar alcohol-dense surface structure can be created by condensing a network that polymerizes and gels, providing many free OH groups to interact with water at a surface. In doing so, the surface is able to suppress the potential for inhomogeneous nucleation of ice from liquid water at the surface, thereby lowering the freezing point of the surface water.

Networks with a high density of free alcohol groups dispersed within the base polymer film may be created using sol-gel condensation chemistry. An exemplary method is the condensation of silyl ethers with alcohols or silanol species. In some embodiments, the fluid additive contains one or more precursors capable of condensation curing to form a higher-molecular-weight species. Such precursors may be selected from silanes (e.g., silyl ethers), silanols, alcohols, or combinations thereof. The higher-molecular-weight species may be in the form of a gel. That is, the fluid additive may include or consist essentially of a gel.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive may contain solid particles that function as a freezing-point depressant, wherein the solid particles are suspended or dissolved in the liquid which may then be drawn into the polymer. For example, polyols (e.g., pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, or tripentaerythritol) may be dissolved in a solvent, such as methanol, ethanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, formamide, or water, and then absorbed into the first or second solid material. The high density of OH groups in polyols may be beneficial to disrupt crystallization of water. When solid (or fluid) polyols are employed, they may be melted into the polymer structure, followed by solidification (or viscosity increase) of the polyols within the first or second solid material of the composition.

In some embodiments, a first fluid is selectively disposed in either of the first solid material or the second solid material, and the composition further comprises an additional (second) fluid selectively disposed in the other of the first solid material or the second solid material that does not contain the first fluid.

In some embodiments, the composition is present in an energy-transfer material or an energy-storage material. For example, the fluid may be or include electrolytes, ions, salts, active-battery materials (as a liquid, or dissolved or suspended in a liquid), liquid electrodes, catalysts, ionization agents, intercalation agents, and so on. In some embodiments, the composition is present on an automotive or aerospace vehicle.

Many potential fluid additives contain reactive groups that unintentionally react with chemical groups contained in the polymer precursors. Therefore, in some cases, there exists a fundamental incompatibility of liquid species in the resin during chemical synthesis and polymerization. Addition of reactive fluid additives into the reaction mixture during synthesis can dramatically alter stoichiometry and backbone structure, while modifying physical and mechanical properties. One strategy to circumvent this problem is to block the reactive groups (e.g., alcohols, amines, and/or thiols) in the fluid additive with chemical protecting groups to render them inert to reaction with other reactive chemical groups (e.g., isocyanates) in the coating precursors.

In particular, it is possible to temporarily block a reactive position by transforming it into a new functional group that will not interfere with the desired transformation. That blocking group is conventionally called a “protecting group.” Incorporating a protecting group into a synthesis requires at least two chemical reactions. The first reaction transforms the interfering functional group into a different one that will not compete with (or compete at a lower reaction rate with) the desired reaction. This step is called protection. The second chemical step transforms the protecting group back into the original group at a later stage of synthesis. This latter step is called deprotection.

In some embodiments in which the fluid additive contains alcohol, amine, and/or thiol groups, the fluid additive thus contains chemical protecting groups to prevent or inhibit reaction of the alcohol, amine, and/or thiol groups with isocyanates. The protecting groups may be designed to undergo deprotection upon reaction with atmospheric moisture, for example (further discussed below).

In the case of the fluid additive containing alcohol groups, the protecting groups may be selected from the silyl ether class of alcohol protecting groups. For example, the protecting groups may be selected from the group consisting of trimethylsilyl ether, isopropyldimethylsilyl ether, tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether, tribenzylsilyl ether, triisopropylsilyl ether, and combinations thereof. In these or other embodiments, the protecting groups to protect alcohol may be selected from the group consisting of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl ether, 2-naphthylmethyl ether, 4-methoxybenzyl ether, acetate, benzoate, benzyl ether, benzyloxymethyl acetal, ethoxyethyl acetal, methoxymethyl acetal, methoxypropyl acetal, methyl ether, tetrahydropyranyl acetal, triethylsilyl ether, and combinations thereof.

In the case of the fluid additive containing amine groups, the protecting groups may be selected from the carbamate class of amine protecting groups, such as (but not limited to) vinyl carbamate. Alternatively, or additionally, the protecting groups may be selected from the ketamine class of amine protecting groups. In these or other embodiments, the protecting groups to protect amine may be selected from the group consisting of 1-chloroethyl carbamate, 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide, acetamide, benzylamine, benzyloxy carbamate, formamide, methyl carbamate, trifluoroacetamide, tert-butoxy carbamate, and combinations thereof.

In the case of the fluid additive containing thiol groups, the protecting groups may be selected from S-2,4-dinitrophenyl thioether and/or S-2-nitro-1-phenylethyl thioether, for example.

Preferred protecting groups are configured such that they can be introduced to the fluid additive (or a molecule contained therein), which is added to the reaction mixture. The fluid additive then preferably remains inert during film synthesis and fabrication, after which the fluid additive deprotects itself to yield the original molecule in the fluid additive. Preferably, the deprotection step provides a high yield (e.g., at least 75 wt %, 85 wt %, 95 wt %, or 99 wt %) back to the original group in the fluid additive. Traces of the protecting group may remain in the final polymer.

The typical reaction mechanism when water is the deprotecting reagent is simple hydrolysis. Water is often nucleophilic enough to kick off a leaving group and deprotect a species. One example of this is the protection of an amine with a ketone to form a ketamine. These can be mixed with isocyanates when the amine alone would react so quickly as to not be able to be practically mixed. Instead the ketamine reagent is inert but after mixing and casting as a film, atmospheric moisture will diffuse into the coating, remove the ketone (which vaporizes itself) and leaves the amine to rapidly react with neighboring isocyanates in situ.

Many deprotecting agents require high pH, low pH, or redox chemistry to work. However, some protecting groups are labile enough that water alone is sufficient to cause deprotection. When possible, a preferred strategy to spontaneously deprotect the molecules is through reaction with atmospheric moisture, such as an atmosphere containing from about 10% to about 90% relative humidity at ambient temperature and pressure. A well-known example is the room-temperature vulcanization of silicones. These systems have silyl ethers that are deprotected with moisture and in doing so the free Si—OH reacts with other silyl ethers to create Si—O—Si covalent bonds, forming a network.

In other embodiments, a chemical deprotection step is actively conducted, such as by introducing a deprotection agent and/or adjusting mixture conditions such as temperature, pressure, pH, solvents, electromagnetic field, or other parameters.

This specification hereby incorporates by reference herein Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2007, for its teachings of the role of protecting groups, synthesis of protecting groups, and deprotection schemes including for example adjustment of pH by addition of acids or bases, to cause deprotection.

Some variations of the invention provide an anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition comprising:

(α) one or more first soft segments selected from fluoropolymers having an average molecular weight from about 500 g/mol to about 20,000 g/mol, wherein the fluoropolymers are (α,ω)-hydroxyl-terminated, (α,ω)-amine-terminated, and/or (α,ω)-thiol-terminated;

(b) one or more second soft segments selected from polyesters or polyethers, wherein the polyesters or polyethers are (α,ω)-hydroxyl-terminated, (α,ω)-amine-terminated, and/or (α,ω)-thiol-terminated;

(c) one or more isocyanate species possessing an isocyanate functionality of 2 or greater, or a reacted form thereof;

(d) one or more polyol or polyamine chain extenders or crosslinkers, or a reacted form thereof; and

(e) a fluid additive precursor disposed in the first soft segments and/or the second soft segments, wherein the fluid additive precursor includes a protecting group,

wherein optionally the molar ratio of the second soft segments to the first soft segments is less than 2.0.

In the precursor composition, the first soft segments and the second soft segments may be microphase-separated on a microphase-separation length scale from about 0.1 microns to about 500 microns.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive precursor includes alcohol groups and at least one protecting group that protects the alcohol groups from reacting with the anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition. For example, the protecting group may be selected from the group consisting of trimethylsilyl ether, isopropyldimethylsilyl ether, tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether, tribenzylsilyl ether, triisopropylsilyl ether, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl ether, 2-naphthylmethyl ether, 4-methoxybenzyl ether, acetate, benzoate, benzyl ether, benzyloxymethyl acetal, ethoxyethyl acetal, methoxymethyl acetal, methoxypropyl acetal, methyl ether, tetrahydropyranyl acetal, triethylsilyl ether, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive precursor includes amine groups and at least one protecting group that protects the amine groups from reacting with the anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition. For example, the protecting group may be selected from the group consisting of vinyl carbamate, 1-chloroethyl carbamate, 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide, acetamide, benzylamine, benzyloxy carbamate, formamide, methyl carbamate, trifluoroacetamide, tert-butoxy carbamate, aldehydes, ketones, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive precursor includes thiol groups and at least one protecting group that protects the thiol groups from reacting with the anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition. For example, protecting group may be selected from S-2,4-dinitrophenyl thioether, S-2-nitro-1-phenylethyl thioether, or a combination thereof.

The fluid additive precursor may include a protecting group that is capable of deprotecting the fluid additive precursor in the presence of atmospheric moisture.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive precursor is capable of condensation curing to increase its molecular weight. For example, the fluid additive precursor may include a silane, a silyl ether, a silanol, an alcohol, or a combination or reaction product thereof.

The fluid additive precursor may be present in the composition at a concentration from about 1 wt % to about 75 wt %, such as about 5 wt %, 10%, 20 wt %, 30 wt %, 40 wt %, 50 wt %, 60 wt %, or 70 wt %, for example.

The anti-fouling compositions of variations of the invention will now be further described.

In some embodiments, one of the first soft segments and the second soft segments is hydrophobic, and the other is hydrophilic or hygroscopic. In certain embodiments, a continuous matrix (first soft segments) is hygroscopic or further includes a hygroscopic material. In these or other embodiments, discrete inclusions (second soft segments) are hygroscopic or further include a hygroscopic material.

As intended in this patent application, “hygroscopic” means that the material is capable of attracting and holding water molecules from the surrounding environment. The water uptake of various polymers is described in Thijs et al., “Water uptake of hydrophilic polymers determined by a thermal gravimetric analyzer with a controlled humidity chamber” J. Mater. Chem., (17) 2007, 4864-4871, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. In some embodiments, the hygroscopic material is characterized by a water absorption capacity, at 90% relative humidity and 30° C., of at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 wt % uptake of H₂O.

In some embodiments, one of the first soft segments and second soft segments is oleophobic. An oleophobic material has a poor affinity for oils. As intended herein, the term “oleophobic” means a material with a contact angle of hexadecane greater than 90°. An oleophobic material may also be classified as lipophobic.

In some embodiments, one of the first soft segments and the second soft segments may be a “low-surface-energy polymer” which means a polymer, or a polymer-containing material, with a surface energy of no greater than 50 mJ/m². In some embodiments, one of the first soft segments and the second soft segments has a surface energy from about 5 mJ/m² to about 50 mJ/m².

The first soft segments or the second soft segments may be or include a fluoropolymer, such as (but not limited to) a fluoropolymer selected from the group consisting of polyfluoroethers, perfluoropolyethers, fluoroacrylates, fluorosilicones, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polyvinylfluoride (PVF), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), copolymers of ethylene and trifluoroethylene, copolymers of ethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene, and combinations thereof.

In these or other embodiments, the first soft segments or the second soft segments may be or include a siloxane. A siloxane contains at least one Si—O—Si linkage. The siloxane may consist of polymerized siloxanes or polysiloxanes (also known as silicones). One example is polydimethylsiloxane.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the second soft segments to the first soft segments is about 2.0 or less. In various embodiments, the molar ratio of the second soft segments to the first soft segments is about 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, or 1.95.

It is noted that (α,ω)-terminated polymers are terminated at each end of the polymer. The α-termination may be the same or different than the co-termination on the opposite end. The fluoropolymers and/or the polyesters or polyethers may terminated with a combination of hydroxyl groups, amine groups, and thiol groups, among other possible termination groups. Note that thiols can react with an —NCO group (usually catalyzed by tertiary amines) to generate a thiourethane.

Also it is noted that in this disclosure, “(α,ω)-termination” includes branching at the ends, so that the number of terminations may be greater than 2 per polymer molecule. The polymers herein may be linear or branched, and there may be various terminations and functional groups within the polymer chain, besides the end (α,ω) terminations.

In this description, “polyurethane” is a polymer comprising a chain of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links, where “urethane” refers to N(H)—(C═O)—O—. Polyurethanes are generally produced by reacting an isocyanate containing two or more isocyanate groups per molecule with one or more polyols containing on average two or more hydroxyl groups per molecule, in the presence of a catalyst.

Polyols are polymers in their own right and have on average two or more hydroxyl groups per molecule. For example, α,ω-hydroxyl-terminated perfluoropolyether is a type of polyol.

“Isocyanate” is the functional group with the formula —N═C═O. For the purposes of this disclosure, O—C(═O)—N(H)—R is considered a derivative of isocyanate. “Isocyanate functionality” refers to the number of isocyanate reactive sites on a molecule. For example, diisocyanates have two isocyanate reactive sites and therefore an isocyanate functionality of 2. Triisocyanates have three isocyanate reactive sites and therefore an isocyanate functionality of 3.

“Polyfluoroether” refers to a class of polymers that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups, where at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a fluorine atom in an alkyl or aryl group.

“Perfluoropolyether” (PFPE) is a highly fluorinated subset of polyfluoroethers, wherein all hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine atoms in the alkyl or aryl groups.

“Polyurea” is a polymer comprising a chain of organic units joined by urea links, where “urea” refers to N(H)—(C═O)—N(H)—. Polyureas are generally produced by reacting an isocyanate containing two or more isocyanate groups per molecule with one or more multifunctional amines (e.g., diamines) containing on average two or more amine groups per molecule, optionally in the presence of a catalyst.

A “chain extender or crosslinker” is a compound (or mixture of compounds) that link long molecules together and thereby complete a polymer reaction. Chain extenders or crosslinkers are also known as curing agents, curatives, or hardeners. In polyurethane/urea systems, a curative is typically comprised of hydroxyl-terminated or amine-terminated compounds which react with isocyanate groups present in the mixture. Diols as curatives form urethane linkages, while diamines as curatives form urea linkages. The choice of chain extender or crosslinker may be determined by end groups present on a given prepolymer. In the case of isocyanate end groups, curing can be accomplished through chain extension using multifunctional amines or alcohols, for example. Chain extenders or crosslinkers can have an average functionality greater than 2 (such as 2.5, 3.0, or greater), i.e. beyond diols or diamines.

In some embodiments, the polyesters or polyethers are selected from the group consisting of poly(oxymethylene), poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), poly(tetrahydrofuran), poly(glycolic acid), poly(caprolactone), poly(ethylene adipate), poly(hydroxybutyrate), poly(hydroxyalkanoate), and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the isocyanate species is selected from the group consisting of 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate), hexamethylene diisocyanate, cycloalkyl-based diisocyanates, tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate, 4,4′-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate), isophorone diisocyanate, and combinations or derivatives thereof.

The polyol or polyamine chain extender or crosslinker possesses a functionality of 2 or greater, in some embodiments. At least one polyol or polyamine chain extender or crosslinker may be selected from the group consisting of 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-ethanediol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, ethylenediamine, isophoronediamine, diaminocyclohexane, and homologues, derivatives, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, polymeric forms of polyol chain extenders or crosslinkers are utilized, typically hydrocarbon or acrylic backbones with hydroxyl groups distributed along the side groups.

The one or more chain extenders or crosslinkers (or reaction products thereof) may be present in a concentration, in the segmented copolymer composition, from about 0.01 wt % to about 25 wt %, such as from about 0.05 wt % to about 10 wt %.

The first soft segments may be present in a concentration from about 5 wt % to about 95 wt % based on total weight of the composition. In various embodiments, the first soft segments may be present in a concentration of about 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 95 wt % based on total weight of the composition.

The second soft segments may be present in a concentration from about 5 wt % to about 95 wt % based on total weight of the composition. In various embodiments, the second soft segments may be present in a concentration of about 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 95 wt % based on total weight of the composition.

In some embodiments, fluorinated polyurethane oligomers are terminated with silane groups. The end groups on the oligomers (in the prepolymer) may be modified from isocyanate to silyl ethers. This can be accomplished through reaction of an isocyanate-reactive silane species (e.g., aminopropyltriethoxysilane) to provide hydrolysable groups well-known in silicon and siloxane chemistry. Such an approach eliminates the need for addition of a stoichiometric amount of curative to form strongly associative hard segments, while replacing the curative with species that possess the ability to form a covalently crosslinked network under the influence of moisture or heat. Such chemistry has been shown to preserve beneficial aspects of urethane coatings while boosting scratch resistance.

In addition, the reactivity of the terminal silane groups allows for additional functionality in the form of complimentary silanes blended with the prepolymer mixture. The silanes are able to condense into the hydrolysable network upon curing. This strategy allows for discrete domains of distinct composition. A specific embodiment relevant to anti-fouling involves the combination of fluoro-containing urethane prepolymer that is endcapped by silane reactive groups with additional alkyl silanes.

The microphase-separated microstructure containing the first and second soft segments may be characterized as an inhomogeneous microstructure. As intended in this patent application, “phase inhomogeneity,” “inhomogeneous microstructure,” and the like mean that a multiphase microstructure is present in which there are at least two discrete phases that are separated from each other. The two phases may be one discrete solid phase in a continuous solid phase, two co-continuous solid phases, or two discrete solid phases in a third continuous solid phase, for example. The length scale of phase inhomogeneity may refer to the average size (e.g., effective diameter) of discrete inclusions of one phase dispersed in a continuous phase. The length scale of phase inhomogeneity may refer to the average center-to-center distance between nearest-neighbor inclusions of the same phase. The length scale of phase inhomogeneity may alternatively refer to the average separation distance between nearest-neighbor regions of the discrete (e.g., droplets) phase, where the distance traverses the continuous phase.

The average length scale of phase inhomogeneity may generally be from about 0.1 microns to about 500 microns. In some embodiments, the average length scale of phase inhomogeneity is from about 0.5 microns to about 100 microns, such as about 1 micron to about 50 microns. In various embodiments, the average length scale of phase inhomogeneity is about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 microns, including any intermediate values not explicitly recited, and ranges starting, ending, or encompassing such intermediate values. These are average values, noting that a portion of phase inhomogeneity may be present on a length scale less than 0.1 micron or greater than 500 microns (e.g., about 1000 microns), with the overall average falling in the range of 0.1-500 microns. Note that in this disclosure, “about 0.1 microns” is intended to encompass 0.05-0.149 microns (50-149 nanometers), i.e. ordinary rounding.

This phase inhomogeneity typically causes opaque coatings or films due to the scattering of light. Scattering of light including visible wavelengths in the bulk of a material is governed by changes in the index of refraction through the medium. Variations in refractive index at length scales near the wavelength of the propagating radiation will tend to scatter those wavelengths more effectively (Mie scattering), resulting in an opaque or white appearance for a coating. With visible light having a wavelength range of about 400-700 nm, a clear or transparent coating must typically keep variations in index of refraction below about 50 nm in length. As phase inhomogeneities increase in length scale, the opacity of the material rises. Phase inhomogeneities with average length scale from 0.1 μm to 500 μm are expected to drive significant scattering in the material, leading to opaque structures above 25 μm in thickness—unless the multiple phases happen to be refractive index-matched. See Althues et al., “Functional inorganic nanofillers for transparent polymers” Chem. Soc. Rev., 2007, 36, 1454-1465, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein for its teaching that materials with inhomogeneity below 50 nm will tend to be clear, and materials with inhomogeneity above 50 nm (0.05 μm) will tend to be more opaque.

In preferred embodiments, the first soft segments and second soft segments are microphase-separated on a length scale from about 0.1 microns to about 500 microns. Therefore, these compositions tend to be non-transparent—unless there is refractive index matching of the first soft segments and second soft segments (and absorbed fluid when in a significant concentration). In some embodiments, the composition is opaque with respect to ordinary light. In certain embodiments, the composition is semi-transparent or transparent with respect to ordinary light.

The composition may also be characterized by hierarchical phase separation. For example, the first soft segments and the second soft segments, in addition to being microphase-separated, are typically nanophase-separated. As intended herein, two materials being “nanophase-separated” means that the two materials are separated from each other on a length scale from about 1 nanometer to about 100 nanometers. For example, the nanophase-separation length scale may be from about 10 nanometers to about 100 nanometers.

The nanophase separation between first solid material (or phase) and second solid material (or phase) may be caused by the presence of a third solid material (or phase) disposed between regions of the first and second solid materials. For example, in the case of first and second solid materials being soft segments of a segmented copolymer also with hard segments, the nanophase separation may be driven by intermolecular association of hydrogen-bonded, dense hard segments. In these cases, in some embodiments, the first soft segments and the hard segments are nanophase-separated on an average nanophase-separation length scale from about 10 nanometers to less than 100 nanometers. Alternatively, or additionally, the second soft segments and the hard segments may be nanophase-separated on an average nanophase-separation length scale from about 10 nanometers to less than 100 nanometers. The first and second soft segments themselves may also be nanophase-separated on an average nanophase-separation length scale from about 10 nanometers to less than 100 nanometers, i.e., the length scale of the individual polymer molecules.

The nanophase-separation length scale is hierarchically distinct from the microphase-separation length scale. With traditional phase separation in block copolymers, the blocks chemically segregate at the molecular level, resulting in regions of segregation on the length scale of the molecules, such as a nanophase-separation length scale from about 10 nanometers to about 100 nanometers. Again see Petrovic et al., “POLYURETHANE ELASTOMERS” Prog. Polym. Sci., Vol. 16, 695-836, 1991. The extreme difference of the two soft segments means that in the reaction pot the soft segments do not mix homogeneously and so create discrete region that are rich in fluoropolymer or rich in non-fluoropolymer (e.g., PEG) components, distinct from the molecular-level segregation. These emulsion droplets contain a large amount of polymer chains and are thus in the micron length-scale range. These length scales survive the curing process, so that the final material contains the microphase separation that was set-up from the emulsion, in addition to the molecular-level (nanoscape) segregation.

In some embodiments, therefore, the larger length scale of separation (0.1-500 microns) is driven by an emulsion process, which provides microphase separation that is in addition to classic molecular-level phase separation. Chen et al., “Structure and morphology of segmented polyurethanes: 2. Influence of reactant incompatibility” POLYMER, 1983, Vol. 24, pages 1333-1340, is hereby incorporated by reference herein for its teachings about microphase separation that can arise from an emulsion-based procedure.

In some embodiments, the nanophase-scale separation is on the length scale of microstructure domains that include (1) a fluid-resistant, chemically inert, hydrophobic soft segment; (2) a hygroscopic (water-absorbing) and/or fluid-swellable soft segment; and (3) a rigid, highly associated hard segment that provides network reinforcement and stability. In a composition possessing hierarchical phase separation, a first microphase may contain nanophases of hydrophobic soft segment along with nanophases of hard segment, while a second microphase may contain nanophases of hygroscopic soft segment along with nanophases of hard segment. Without being limited by speculation, it is believed that in the CLSM images of FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5A, and 5B, the dark regions are microphases that contain hydrophobic soft segments and highly associated hard segments, each being nanophase-separated; and the light regions are microphases that contain hygroscopic soft segments and highly associated hard segments, also each being nanophase-separated.

In some embodiments, discrete inclusions have an average size (e.g., effective diameter) from about 50 nm to about 150 μm, such as from about 100 nm to about 100 μm. In various embodiments, discrete inclusions have an average size (e.g., effective diameter) of about 50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 500 nm, 1 μm, 2 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm, 50 μm, 100 μm, or 200 μm.

In these or other embodiments, discrete inclusions have an average center-to-center spacing between adjacent inclusions, through a continuous matrix, from about 50 nm to about 150 μm, such as from about 100 nm to about 100 μm. In various embodiments, discrete inclusions have an average center-to-center spacing between adjacent inclusions of about 50 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 500 nm, 1 μm, 2 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm, 50 μm, 100 μm, or 200 μm.

The composition may be characterized by a transparency of less than 70% average light transmission in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm, through a 1-millimeter-thick sample (defined test depth). In some embodiments, the composition transparency is less than about 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, or 10% average light transmission in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm, through a 1-millimeter-thick sample.

In some variations of the invention, the composition forms a coating disposed on a substrate. The coating may have a thickness from about 1 μm to about 10 mm, for example. In various embodiments, the coating thickness is about 100 nm, 1 μm, 10 μm, 100 μm, 1 mm, or 10 mm. Thicker coatings provide the benefit that even after surface abrasion, the coating still functions because the entire depth of the coating (not just the outer surface) contains the first and second solid materials. The coating substrate composition and thickness will depend on the specific application.

The composition may be present in an anti-fouling coating, such as (but not limited to) an anti-ice coating, an anti-bug coating, an anti-friction coating and/or an anti-corrosion coating. The composition may also be present in an anti-fouling layer, an anti-fouling object, or an anti-fouling material. In some embodiments, the anti-fouling composition is not disposed on or adjacent to a substrate.

Various embodiments are depicted in the drawings of FIGS. 1 and 2, which should not be construed to limit the invention. These drawings are for illustration purposes and are not to scale. The drawings of FIGS. 1 and 2 are two-dimensional cross-sections, as a side view. The top of each structure represents the surface that is exposed to the environment.

In FIG. 1, the structure 100 includes a continuous matrix 120 and a plurality of discrete inclusions 110 (e.g., first soft segments) dispersed throughout the continuous matrix 120 (e.g., second segments). While FIG. 1 depicts (for illustration) the discrete inclusions 110 as circles/spheres, this is not meant to imply a limitation. Other geometries of discrete inclusions 110 are possible, including regular or irregular shapes, as well as various sizes and size distributions. The inclusions 110 may vary in size, such as from about 0.1 to 500 microns in diameter or effective diameter. The inclusions 110 may be dispersed uniformly (e.g., ordered) or non-uniformly (e.g., randomly). The number of inclusions 110 per unit volume may vary, such that the inclusions 110 collectively are present in a concentration from about 5 wt % to about 95 wt % based on total weight of the composition, for example.

A fluid 130 is disposed in (e.g., absorbed into) a portion of continuous matrix 120, which functions as a reservoir for the absorbed fluid 130 (e.g., water, lubricant, electrolyte, etc.). In FIG. 1, the continuous matrix absorbs the fluid selectively, compared to any fluid absorption into the discrete inclusions. FIG. 1 implies that the continuous matrix 120 near the surface contains fluid 130, while the continuous matrix 120 in the distal region from the surface (e.g., closer to a substrate material) does not contain a significant amount of fluid. This could be due to the fact that the total amount of fluid that has been absorbed is below the maximum capacity of the continuous matrix 120, or because FIG. 1 is a snapshot in time, for example. It should be understood that more fluid may continue to be disposed into the continuous matrix 120.

Some variations of the invention are depicted in FIG. 2, which is an alternative configuration compared to FIG. 1. In particular, in FIG. 2, the inclusions absorb the fluid selectively, compared to any fluid absorption into the continuous matrix.

In FIG. 2, the structure 200 includes a continuous matrix 210 and a plurality of discrete inclusions 220 dispersed throughout the continuous matrix 210. While FIG. 2 depicts (for illustration) the discrete inclusions 210 as circles/spheres, this is not meant to imply a limitation. Other geometries of discrete inclusions 210 are possible, including regular or irregular shapes, as well as various sizes and size distributions. The inclusions 210 may vary in size, such as from about 0.1 to 500 microns in diameter or effective diameter. The inclusions 210 may be dispersed uniformly (e.g., ordered) or non-uniformly (e.g., randomly). The number of inclusions 210 per unit volume may vary, such that the inclusions 210 collectively are present in a concentration from about 5 wt % to about 95 wt % based on total weight of the composition, for example.

A fluid is disposed in a portion of the discrete inclusions 220, which function as reservoirs for the absorbed fluid 230. FIG. 2 implies that most of the discrete inclusions 220 near the surface contain fluid to therefore become fluid-containing inclusions 230, while the inclusions 220 in the distal region from the surface (e.g., closer to a substrate material) of the continuous matrix 210 do not contain a significant amount of fluid. This could be due to the fact that the total amount of fluid that has been deposited is below the maximum capacity of the plurality of inclusions 220 that are present, or because FIG. 2 is a snapshot in time, for example. It should be understood that more fluid may continue to be disposed into the inclusions 230.

Besides the desired fluid, other contaminants may strike the surface of structure 100 or 200. Solid contaminants such as dust, dirt, or insects may also strike the surface of structure 100 or 200. Vapor contaminants such as oil vapor, water vapor, or smoke may also strike the surface of structure 100 or 200. Depending on the impacting material, the contaminant can become absorbed in the two phases or in one of the phases selectively.

An optional substrate (not shown) may be disposed on the back side of the material, at the bottom of FIGS. 1 and 2. A substrate will be present when the material forms a coating or a portion of a coating (e.g., one layer of a multilayer coating). Many substrates are possible, such as a metal, polymer, or glass substrate. Other layers may be present, within the substrate or on the opposite (relative to the coating) side of the substrate. Such other layers may include, for example, metallic layers, conductive layers, and adhesive layers.

Various strategies to form the materials of FIG. 1 or 2 are possible, as will be appreciated by a skilled artisan.

Prior to formation of the final coatings, the composition may be regarded as a precursor composition. The precursor composition may be waterborne, solventborne, or a combination thereof. In waterborne embodiments, the first or second soft segments may be derived from an aqueous dispersion of a linear crosslinkable polyurethane containing charged groups, and the other soft segments may be derived from a crosslinking agent containing charged groups, for example.

Some variations provide a method of making an anti-fouling segmented copolymer, the method comprising:

(a) generating a reaction mixture comprising (i) fluoropolymers, (ii) polyesters or polyethers, (iii) isocyanate species, and (iv) polyol or polyamine chain extenders or crosslinkers;

(b) introducing a fluid additive precursor into the reaction mixture, wherein the fluid additive precursor includes a fluid additive and a protecting group that protects the fluid additive from reacting with the fluoropolymers, the polyesters or polyethers, the isocyanate species, or the polyol or polyamine chain extenders or crosslinkers;

(c) subjecting the reaction mixture to effective reaction conditions (including a suitable time and temperature) to generate a segmented copolymer comprising (i) one or more first soft segments containing fluoropolymers, (ii) one or more second soft segments containing polyesters or polyethers, (iii) hard segments containing a reaction product of the isocyanates and the polyol or polyamine chain extenders or crosslinkers;

(d) deprotecting at least some of the fluid additive precursor by removing the protecting group, thereby generating the fluid additive admixed with the segmented copolymer; and

(e) recovering an anti-fouling segmented copolymer containing the segmented copolymer and the fluid additive.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive precursor is selectively disposed in the first soft segments or in the second soft segments. The fluid additive (i.e., following deprotection of the fluid additive precursor) may be then selectively disposed in the first soft segments or in the second soft segments.

In step (c), the molar ratio of the second soft segments to the first soft segments may be less than 2.0, following reaction, in some embodiments.

The first soft segments and the second soft segments may be microphase-separated on a microphase-separation length scale from about 0.1 microns to about 500 microns, before deprotection in step (d) and/or following deprotection.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive precursor includes alcohol groups, and the protecting group protects the alcohol groups. In some embodiments, the fluid additive precursor includes amine groups, and the protecting group protects the amine groups. In some embodiments, the fluid additive precursor includes thiol groups, and the protecting group protects the thiol groups.

In certain methods, deprotecting in step (d) is carried out in the presence of atmospheric moisture or within a humidity chamber, for example.

Other variations provide a method of making an anti-fouling segmented copolymer, the method comprising:

(a) generating a reaction mixture comprising (i) fluoropolymers, (ii) polyesters or polyethers, (iii) isocyanate species, and (iv) polyol or polyamine chain extenders or crosslinkers;

(b) introducing a fluid additive precursor into the reaction mixture, wherein the fluid additive precursor is capable of condensation curing to increase its molecular weight;

(c) subjecting the reaction mixture to effective reaction conditions (including a suitable time and temperature) to generate a segmented copolymer comprising (i) one or more first soft segments containing the fluoropolymers, (ii) one or more second soft segments containing the polyesters or polyethers, (iii) hard segments containing a reaction product of the isocyanates and the polyol or polyamine chain extenders or crosslinkers;

(d) during or after step (c), condensation curing the fluid additive precursor to generate a fluid additive admixed with the segmented copolymer, wherein the fluid additive has a higher molecular weight than the fluid additive precursor; and

(e) recovering an anti-fouling segmented copolymer containing the segmented copolymer and the fluid additive.

The fluid additive precursor may be disposed in the first soft segments and/or the second soft segments. Following deprotection, the fluid additive may be disposed in the first soft segments and/or the second soft segments.

In step (c), the molar ratio of the second soft segments to the first soft segments may be less than 2.0, in some embodiments.

The first soft segments and the second soft segments may be microphase-separated on a microphase-separation length scale from about 0.1 microns to about 500 microns, before deprotection in step (d) and/or following deprotection.

In some embodiments, the fluid additive precursor includes a silane, a silyl ether, a silanol, an alcohol, or a combination or reaction product thereof, and the fluid additive precursor further includes a protecting group that protects the fluid additive precursor from reacting with the fluoropolymers, the polyesters or polyethers, the isocyanate species, or the polyol or polyamine chain extenders or crosslinkers.

In some embodiments, a non-reactive fluid additive is introduced directly to a reaction mixture before casting and curing, and/or directly to the cured segmented copolymer. In these embodiments, the fluid additive, since it is non-reactive, does not need to be protected and is not polymerized or cured in situ. One example of a non-reactive fluid additive is high-molecular-weight silicone oil, such as one containing polydimethylsiloxane with molecular weight above 10,000 g/mol and viscosity less than 10⁶ Pa·s at 25° C.

Some embodiments employ waterborne polyurethane dispersions. A successful waterborne polyurethane dispersion often requires the specific components to contain ionic groups to aid in stabilizing the emulsion. Other factors contributing to the formulation of a stable dispersion include the concentration of ionic groups, concentration of water or solvent, and rate of water addition and mixing during the inversion process. An isocyanate prepolymer may be dispersed in water. Subsequently, a curative component may be dispersed in water. Water evaporation then promotes the formation of a microphase-separated polyurethane material as the precursor composition.

The composition or precursor composition may generally be formed from a precursor material (or combination of materials) that may be provided, obtained, or fabricated from starting components. The precursor material is capable of hardening or curing in some fashion, to form a precursor composition containing the first soft segments and second soft segments, microphase-separated on a microphase-separation length scale from about 0.1 microns to about 500 microns. The precursor material may be a liquid; a multiphase liquid; a multiphase slurry, emulsion, or suspension; a gel; or a dissolved solid (in solvent), for example.

In some embodiments of the invention, an emulsion sets up in the reaction mixture based on incompatibility between the two blocks (e.g., PEG and PFPE). The emulsion provides microphase separation in the precursor material. The precursor material is then cured from casting or spraying. The microphase separation survives the curing process (even if the length scales change somewhat during curing), providing the benefits in the final materials (or precursor compositions) as described herein. Without being limited by theory, the microphase separation in this invention is not associated with molecular length-scale separation (5-50 nm) that many classic block-copolymer systems exhibit. Rather, the larger length scales of microphase separation, i.e. 0.1-500 μm, arise from the emulsion that was set-up prior to curing.

Xu et al., “Structure and morphology of segmented polyurethanes: 1. Influence of incompatibility on hard-segment sequence length” POLYMER, 1983, Vol. 24, pages 1327-1332 and Chen et al., “Structure and morphology of segmented polyurethanes: 2. Influence of reactant incompatibility” POLYMER, 1983, Vol. 24, pages 1333-1340, are each hereby incorporated by reference herein for their teachings about emulsion set-up in polyurethane systems prior to curing.

In some variations of the invention, a precursor material is applied to a substrate and allowed to react, cure, or harden to form a final composition (e.g., coating). In some embodiments, a precursor material is prepared and then dispensed (deposited) over an area of interest. Any known methods to deposit precursor materials may be employed. A fluid precursor material allows for convenient dispensing using spray coating or casting techniques.

The fluid precursor material may be applied to a surface using any coating technique, such as (but not limited to) spray coating, dip coating, doctor-blade coating, air knife coating, curtain coating, single and multilayer slide coating, gap coating, knife-over-roll coating, metering rod (Meyer bar) coating, reverse roll coating, rotary screen coating, extrusion coating, casting, or printing. Because relatively simple coating processes may be employed, rather than lithography or vacuum-based techniques, the fluid precursor material may be rapidly sprayed or cast in thin layers over large areas (such as multiple square meters).

When a solvent or carrier fluid is present in the fluid precursor material, the solvent or carrier fluid may include one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of water, alcohols (such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or tert-butanol), ketones (such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, or methyl isobutyl ketone), hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene), acetates (such as tert-butyl acetate), acids (such as organic acids), bases, and any mixtures thereof. When a solvent or carrier fluid is present, it may be in a concentration of from about 10 wt % to about 99 wt % or higher, for example.

The precursor material may be converted to an intermediate material or the final composition using any one or more of curing or other chemical reactions, or separations such as removal of solvent or carrier fluid, monomer, water, or vapor. Curing refers to toughening or hardening of a polymeric material by physical crosslinking, covalent crosslinking, and/or covalent bonding of polymer chains, assisted by electromagnetic waves, electron beams, heat, and/or chemical additives. Chemical removal may be accomplished by heating/flashing, vacuum extraction, solvent extraction, centrifugation, etc. Physical transformations may also be involved to transfer precursor material into a mold, for example. Additives may be introduced during the hardening process, if desired, to adjust pH, stability, density, viscosity, color, or other properties, for functional, ornamental, safety, or other reasons.

The fluid (to be incorporated selectively into the first and/or second soft segments) may be added after the cured material is produced. Alternatively, or additionally, and depending on the nature of the fluid, some or all of the fluid may be introduced the precursor material prior to curing and/or during curing, for example.

Periodic replenishment of fluids into the composition may be desired. For example, some or all of the fluid could eventually go away by various mechanisms including vaporization (as discussed above), leaking, solubility into environmental conditions, reaction, and so on. When additional fluid is desired, it may be introduced into one of the phases actively, passively, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, additional fluid is actively introduced to a phase by spraying of the fluid, deposition from a vapor phase containing the fluid material, liquid injection, bath immersion, or other techniques.

It may also be desirable in certain situations to remove some or all of a fluid from the first or second soft segments. Depending on the nature of the fluid, it may be removed by vaporization (e.g., by heating), gas injection to sweep out the fluid, extraction with another material (e.g., a solvent for the fluid), or a chemical reaction, for example.

EXAMPLES

Materials.

Poly(ethylene glycol) with M_(n)=3,400 g/mol (PEG), 4,4′-methylenebis (cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI), 1,4-butanediol (BD), and dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) are purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Fluorolink D4000 and E10H are purchased from Solvay Specialty Polymers.

Example 1: Preparation of Segmented Copolymer (75% PEG Content) with Microphase-Separated Regions

PEG (1.5 mmoles, 5.0 g) and HMDI (9.8 mmoles, 2.57 g) are added into a 3-neck flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer. The reaction flask is placed in a 100° C. oil bath and the reaction is carried out under argon. Once PEG is melted and dissolved in the HMDI, 2 μL of DBTDL is added to the mix. The reaction mixture is stirred at 100° C. for 1 hour. Fluorolink D4000 (0.5 mmoles, 2 g) is added and stirring is continued for another 1 hour. The reaction flask is removed from the 100° C. oil bath, and allowed to cool down before adding THF (10 mL) and BD (7.8 mmoles, 0.71 g) dissolved in THF (2 mL). The sample is sprayed with an airbrush using a 0.5-mm needle nozzle aperture to a thickness of 1-5 mils (about 25-125 microns) on aluminum, glass, and Mylar® (biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate) film.

The polymer network is composed of both a water-absorbing (hydrophilic) and a water-repelling (hydrophobic) material. To investigate the film's network and microphase separation of the opposing materials, confocal microscopy is employed. Confocal microscopy is an optical imaging technique that detects fluorescence by exposing the specimen to light of a certain wavelength to excite fluorescent dyes. Samples are prepared by soaking a thin slice of film in an aqueous solution containing fluorescein (10 to 100 μM), a water-soluble dye, for 24 hours. Water absorbed by the film contains fluorescein, allowing contrast between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. Once removed from the solution, the film is rinsed with DI water to remove excess fluorescein from the surface. The film is quickly pat dried to remove water droplets and placed on a glass slide (75×25 mm). A glass coverslip (0.17 mm thick) is placed firmly on the film and the edges are sealed with a quick cure 5-minute epoxy. The edges are sealed to prevent evaporation of water to allow optimal imaging of the specimen by better matching the refractive index of the glass. The fluorescent imaging is obtained using a Leica SP 5 confocal microscope with an argon laser for an excitation wavelength at 496 nm for fluorescein, giving an emission at 512 nm in water.

FIGS. 3A and 3B show confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images for the polymer film with 75 mol % PEG content. CLSM images are shown at different magnifications of the Example 1 films soaked with water-soluble fluorescent dye.

The fluorescent regions 310 (which display as green regions in the color drawings and lighter regions when reproduced in grayscale) are representative of hydrophilic PEG regions containing a water-soluble fluorescent dye. The inclusions 320 (which display as darker regions) are representative of hydrophobic fluoropolymer regions. The scale bars are 100 μm and 25 μm in FIGS. 3A and 3B, respectively.

Microphase separation is shown in these images. The length scale of phase inhomogeneity for the structure in FIGS. 3A and 3B appears to be in the range of 1 to 100 microns. In particular, the phase inhomogeneity can be characterized by a length scale associated with a discrete phase 320. For example, the length scale of phase inhomogeneity may refer to the average size (e.g., effective diameter) of discrete inclusions of one phase 320 dispersed in a continuous phase 310. The selected (for illustration) inclusions 320 labeled in FIG. 3B have an effective diameter of about 10-20 microns; generally the inclusions have an effective diameter of about 1 to 100 microns in FIGS. 3A and 3B. The length scale of phase inhomogeneity may refer to the average center-to-center distance 325 between nearest-neighbor inclusions of the same phase 320. In FIG. 3B, the selected center-to-center distance 325 is about 25 microns. The length scale of phase inhomogeneity may alternatively refer to the average separation distance 315 between nearest-neighbor regions of the discrete (e.g., droplets) phase 320, i.e. the size of the continuous phase 310 regions. In FIG. 3B, the selected separation distance 315 is about 15 microns. A range of particle sizes and separations is clearly present in this structure; the specific instances of features 310, 315, 320, and 325 were arbitrarily selected.

As described earlier, emulsified droplets rich in either PEG or PFPE are sprayed or cast from a mixture. Upon addition of a curative and the evaporation of a solvent, these droplets coalesce to form a continuous film that is inhomogeneous on the microscale (1-100 μm). In FIGS. 3A and 3B, the dark PFPE-rich areas form a discrete phase (320) that is hydrophobic in character, while the dyed PEG-rich regions form a continuous phase (310) surrounding the discrete regions.

Example 2: Preparation of Segmented Copolymer (50% PEG Content) with Microphase-Separated Regions

PEG (1.1 mmoles, 3.83 g) and HMDI (11.2 mmoles, 2.95 g) are added into a 3-neck flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer. The reaction flask is placed in a 100° C. oil bath and the reaction is carried out under argon. Once PEG is melted and dissolved in the HMDI, 2.3 μL of DBTDL is added to the mix. The reaction mixture is stirred at 100° C. for 1 hour. Fluorolink D4000 (1.1 mmoles, 4.5 g) is added and stirring is continued for another 1 hour. The reaction flask is removed from the 100° C. oil bath, and allowed to cool down before adding THF (10 mL) and BD (9.0 mmoles, 0.81 g) dissolved in THF (2 mL). The sample is sprayed with an airbrush using a 0.5-mm needle nozzle aperture to a thickness of 1-5 mils (about 25-125 microns) on aluminum, glass, and Mylar® (biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate) film.

Confocal microscopy is again employed, using the same procedure as described in Example 1. FIGS. 4A and 4B show confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images for the polymer film with 50 mol % PEG content. CLSM images are shown at different magnifications of the Example 2 films soaked with water-soluble fluorescent dye.

The fluorescent regions 410 (which display as green regions in the color drawings and lighter regions when reproduced in grayscale) are representative of hydrophilic PEG regions containing a water-soluble fluorescent dye. The inclusions 420 (which display as darker regions) are representative of hydrophobic fluoropolymer regions. The scale bars are 100 μm and 25 μm in FIGS. 4A and 4B, respectively.

Microphase separation is shown in these images. The length scale of phase inhomogeneity for the structure in FIGS. 4A and 4B appears to be in the range of 1 to 100 microns. In particular, the phase inhomogeneity can be characterized by a length scale associated with a discrete phase 420. For example, the length scale of phase inhomogeneity may refer to the average size (e.g., effective diameter) of discrete inclusions of one phase 420 dispersed in a continuous phase 410. The selected (for illustration) inclusions 420 labeled in FIG. 4B have an effective diameter of about 15-20 microns; generally the inclusions have an effective diameter of about 1 to 100 microns in FIGS. 4A and 4B. The length scale of phase inhomogeneity may refer to the average center-to-center distance 425 between nearest-neighbor inclusions of the same phase 420. In FIG. 4B, the selected center-to-center distance 425 is about 30 microns. The length scale of phase inhomogeneity may alternatively refer to the average separation distance 415 between nearest-neighbor regions of the discrete (e.g., droplets) phase 420, i.e. the size of the continuous phase 410 regions. In FIG. 4B, the selected separation distance 415 is about 15 microns. A range of particle sizes and separations is clearly present in this structure; the specific instances of features 410, 415, 420, and 425 were arbitrarily selected.

As described earlier, emulsified droplets rich in either PEG or PFPE are sprayed or cast from a mixture. Upon addition of a curative and the evaporation of a solvent, these droplets coalesce to form a continuous film that is inhomogeneous on the microscale (1-100 μm). In FIGS. 4A and 4B, the dark PFPE-rich areas form a discrete phase (420) that is hydrophobic in character, while the dyed PEG-rich regions form a continuous phase (410) surrounding the discrete regions.

Example 3: Preparation of Segmented Copolymer (25% PEG Content) with Microphase-Separated Regions

PEG (0.6 mmoles, 2.0 g) and HMDI (11.8 mmoles, 3.08 g) are added into a 3-neck flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer. The reaction flask is placed in a 100° C. oil bath and the reaction is carried out under argon. Once PEG is melted and dissolved in the HMDI, 2.4 μL of DBTDL is added to the mix. The reaction mixture is stirred at 100° C. for 1 hour. Fluorolink D4000 (1.8 mmoles, 7.06 g) is added and stirring is continued for another 1 hour. The reaction flask is removed from the 100° C. oil bath, and is allowed to cool down before adding THF (10 mL) and BD (9.4 mmoles, 0.85 g) dissolved in THF (2 mL). The sample is sprayed with an airbrush using a 0.5-mm needle nozzle aperture to a thickness of 1-5 mils (about 25-125 microns) on aluminum, glass, and Mylar® (biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate) film.

Confocal microscopy is again employed, using the same procedure as described in Example 1. FIGS. 5A and 5B show confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images for the polymer film with 25 mol % PEG content. CLSM images are shown at different magnifications of the Example 3 films soaked with water-soluble fluorescent dye.

The fluorescent regions 510 (which display as green regions in the color drawings and lighter regions when reproduced in grayscale) are representative of hydrophilic PEG regions containing a water-soluble fluorescent dye. The inclusions 520 (which display as darker regions) are representative of hydrophobic fluoropolymer regions. The scale bars are 100 μm and 25 μm in FIGS. 5A and 5B, respectively.

Microphase separation is shown in these images. The length scale of phase inhomogeneity for the structure in FIGS. 5A and 5B appears to be in the range of 1 to 100 microns. In particular, the phase inhomogeneity can be characterized by a length scale associated with a discrete phase 520. For example, the length scale of phase inhomogeneity may refer to the average size (e.g., effective diameter) of discrete inclusions of one phase 520 dispersed in a continuous phase 510. The selected (for illustration) inclusions 520 labeled in FIG. 5B have an effective diameter of about 35 microns; generally the inclusions have an effective diameter of about 5 to 100 microns in FIGS. 5A and 5B. The length scale of phase inhomogeneity may refer to the average center-to-center distance 525 between nearest-neighbor inclusions of the same phase 520. In FIG. 5B, the selected center-to-center distance 525 is about 40 microns. The length scale of phase inhomogeneity may alternatively refer to the average separation distance 515 between nearest-neighbor regions of the discrete (e.g., droplets) phase 520, i.e. the size of the continuous phase 510 regions. In FIG. 5B, the selected separation distance 515 is about 50 microns. A range of particle sizes and separations is clearly present in this structure; the specific instances of features 510, 515, 520, and 525 were arbitrarily selected.

As described earlier, emulsified droplets rich in either PEG or PFPE are sprayed or cast from a mixture. Upon addition of a curative and the evaporation of a solvent, these droplets coalesce to form a continuous film that is inhomogeneous on the microscale (1-100 μm). In FIGS. 5A and 5B, the dark PFPE-rich areas form a discrete phase (520) that is hydrophobic in character, while the dyed PEG-rich regions form a continuous phase (510) surrounding the discrete regions.

Example 4: Impedance Spectroscopy of the Example 1, Example 2, and Example 3 Polymer Films

The interconnectivity of a single phase through the polymer network is indirectly investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A two-electrode, humidity-controlled electrochemical cell is constructed to measure ionic conductivity through the membrane. Measurements are made on the segmented copolymers of Examples 1, 2, and 3 having 75% PEG content, 50% PEG content, and 25% PEG content, respectively.

FIG. 6 shows Nyquist plots from the series of three humidified polymeric coatings composed of variable concentrations of fluoropolymer and poly(ethylene glycol) flexible segments. The real (Z′) and imaginary (Z″) components of the impedance were measured over a frequency range from 10⁶ Hz to 0.1 Hz. The extrinsic resistance is determined by extrapolating the semicircle and taking the value of Z′ at Z″=0. The intrinsic conductivities of the humidified films are determined from the resistance, film thickness, and surface area. The intrinsic conductivities ranged from 5×10⁻⁶ S/cm (25% PEG) to 1.5×10⁻⁴ S/cm (75% PEG) and scaled with PEG content, as shown in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 plots ionic conductivities on a log scale as a function of PEG content. FIGS. 6 and 7 reveal a strong correlation between ionic conductivity and concentration of hygroscopic component (PEG), and indicate continuity of the hygroscopic phase throughout the film.

The same films measured under dry conditions exhibited no measurable conductivity. These results reveal two important points. First, water is incorporated into the hygroscopic PEG phase and is responsible for the high ionic conductivities measured in the humidified samples. Second, the hygroscopic layer (PEG phase) is interconnected and exists throughout the film.

Example 5: Incorporation of Liquid Electrolyte into Example 3 Polymer Film

Here we demonstrate a liquid electrolyte incorporated into a multiphase polymer network to significantly enhance the ionic conductivity, without altering the structure of the network. Three films of identical composition, containing 25% PEG and 75% fluoropolymer (from Example 3), are prepared. One film is soaked in deionized water for 24 hr. A second film is exposed to 100% humidity (no soak or wash). A third film is soaked in an electrolyte solution of 1 M NaCl+ deionized water (DI water) solution for 24 hr. The three films are blotted dry and inserted into a 2-electrode electrochemical cell under ambient humidity.

FIG. 8 shows Nyquist plots for the three films, on a log-log scale with a dashed line indicating the film resistance. An increase in ionic conductivity of over three orders of magnitude is observed between the film soaked in DI water (approximately 1.6×10⁻⁸ S/cm) and the film soaked in 1 M NaCl (approximately 2.1×10⁻⁵ skin).

These results demonstrate a composition comprising first soft segments and second soft segments that are chemically distinct, wherein the first soft segments and the second soft segments are microphase-separated; and a liquid electrolyte selectively disposed in the second soft segments (PEG phase). The composition properties can be modified by tailoring the incorporated fluid(s).

Depending on the nature of the fluid additive, relevant applications exist in automotive and aerospace including enhanced performance with anti-fouling or anti-corrosion properties. Additionally, potential applications lie in the area of energy storage. The basis of the technology addresses the issue of scale and durability, employing chemistry and methods compatible with commercial production processes. The compositions provided herein have economic scalability for both the synthesis (e.g., self-organizing polymer domains) and application of the coating (e.g., spray coating).

In this detailed description, reference has been made to multiple embodiments and to the accompanying drawings in which are shown by way of illustration specific exemplary embodiments of the invention. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that modifications to the various disclosed embodiments may be made by a skilled artisan.

Where methods and steps described above indicate certain events occurring in certain order, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the ordering of certain steps may be modified and that such modifications are in accordance with the variations of the invention. Additionally, certain steps may be performed concurrently in a parallel process when possible, as well as performed sequentially.

All publications, patents, and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each publication, patent, or patent application were specifically and individually put forth herein.

The embodiments, variations, and figures described above should provide an indication of the utility and versatility of the present invention. Other embodiments that do not provide all of the features and advantages set forth herein may also be utilized, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of the invention defined by the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition comprising: (a) one or more first soft segments selected from fluoropolymers having an average molecular weight from about 500 g/mol to about 20,000 g/mol, wherein said fluoropolymers are (α,ω)-hydroxyl-terminated, (α,ω)-amine-terminated, and/or (α,ω)-thiol-terminated; (b) one or more second soft segments selected from polyesters or polyethers, wherein said polyesters or polyethers are (α,ω)-hydroxyl-terminated, (α,ω)-amine-terminated, and/or (α,ω)-thiol-terminated; (c) one or more isocyanate species possessing an isocyanate functionality of 2 or greater, or a reacted form thereof; (d) one or more polyol or polyamine chain extenders or crosslinkers, or a reacted form thereof; and (e) a fluid additive selectively disposed in said first soft segments or in said second soft segments.
 2. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 1, wherein said fluid additive is a freezing-point depressant for water.
 3. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 2, wherein said freezing-point depressant for water is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, poly(ethylene glycol), urea, sodium formate, and combinations, isomers, or homologous species thereof.
 4. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 1, wherein said fluid additive includes a chloride salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, and combinations thereof.
 5. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 1, wherein said fluid additive includes an acetate salt selected from the group consisting of calcium acetate, magnesium acetate, calcium magnesium acetate, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, and combinations thereof.
 6. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 1, wherein said fluid additive is a lubricant.
 7. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 6, wherein said lubricant is selected from the group consisting of fluorinated oils, fluorocarbon ether polymers of polyhexafluoropropylene, polydioxolane, siloxanes, silicone-based oils, polydimethylsiloxane-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers, polydimethylsiloxane-fluoropolymer copolymers, polydimethylsiloxane-polydioxolane copolymers, petroleum-derived oils, mineral oil, plant-derived oils, canola oil, soybean oil, and combinations thereof.
 8. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 1, wherein said fluid additive includes a polyelectrolyte and a counterion to said polyelectrolyte.
 9. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 8, wherein said polyelectrolyte is selected from the group consisting of poly(acrylic acid) or copolymers thereof, cellulose-based polymers, carboxymethyl cellulose, chitosan, poly(styrene sulfonate) or copolymers thereof, poly(acrylic acid) or copolymers thereof, poly(methacrylic acid) or copolymers thereof, poly(allylamine), and combinations thereof.
 10. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 8, wherein said counterion is selected from the group consisting of H⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, La³⁺, C₁₆N⁺, Br⁻, BF₄, SO₄ ², PO₄ ², C₁₂SO₃ ⁻, and combinations thereof.
 11. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 1, wherein said fluid additive is an electrolyte for use in battery or other energy-device applications.
 12. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 11, wherein said electrolyte is selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol), dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl dicarbonate, ionic liquids, and combinations thereof.
 13. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 1, wherein said fluid additive includes alcohol groups, amine groups, thiol groups, or a combination thereof.
 14. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 1, wherein said fluoropolymers are present in the triblock structure:

wherein: X, Y═CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p)-T, and X and Y are independently selected; p=1 to 50; T is a hydroxyl, amine, or thiol terminal group; m=1 to 100; and n=0 to
 100. 15. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 1, wherein said first soft segments and said second soft segments are microphase-separated on a microphase-separation length scale from about 0.1 microns to about 500 microns.
 16. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer composition of claim 1, wherein said first soft segments and said second soft segments further are nanophase-separated on a nanophase-separation length scale from about 10 nanometers to about 100 nanometers, and wherein said nanophase-separation length scale is hierarchically distinct from said microphase-separation length scale.
 17. An anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition comprising: (a) one or more first soft segments selected from fluoropolymers having an average molecular weight from about 500 g/mol to about 20,000 g/mol, wherein said fluoropolymers are (α,ω)-hydroxyl-terminated, (α,ω)-amine-terminated, and/or (α,ω)-thiol-terminated; (b) one or more second soft segments selected from polyesters or polyethers, wherein said polyesters or polyethers are (α,ω)-hydroxyl-terminated, (α,ω)-amine-terminated, and/or (α,ω)-thiol-terminated; (c) one or more isocyanate species possessing an isocyanate functionality of 2 or greater, or a reacted form thereof; (d) one or more polyol or polyamine chain extenders or crosslinkers, or a reacted form thereof; and (e) a fluid additive precursor selectively disposed in said first soft segments or in said second soft segments, wherein said fluid additive precursor includes a protecting group.
 18. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition of claim 17, wherein said fluid additive precursor includes alcohol groups and at least one protecting group that protects said alcohol groups from reacting with said anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition.
 19. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition of claim 18, wherein said protecting group is selected from the group consisting of trimethylsilyl ether, isopropyldimethylsilyl ether, tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether, tribenzylsilyl ether, triisopropylsilyl ether, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl ether, 2-naphthylmethyl ether, 4-methoxybenzyl ether, acetate, benzoate, benzyl ether, benzyloxymethyl acetal, ethoxyethyl acetal, methoxymethyl acetal, methoxypropyl acetal, methyl ether, tetrahydropyranyl acetal, triethylsilyl ether, and combinations thereof.
 20. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition of claim 17, wherein said fluid additive precursor includes amine groups and at least one protecting group that protects said amine groups from reacting with said anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition.
 21. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition of claim 20, wherein said protecting group is selected from the group consisting of vinyl carbamate, 1-chloroethyl carbamate, 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide, acetamide, benzylamine, benzyloxy carbamate, formamide, methyl carbamate, trifluoroacetamide, tert-butoxy carbamate, and combinations thereof.
 22. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition of claim 17, wherein said fluid additive precursor includes thiol groups and at least one protecting group that protects said thiol groups from reacting with said anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition.
 23. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition of claim 22, wherein said protecting group is selected from S-2,4-dinitrophenyl thioether, S-2-nitro-1-phenylethyl thioether, or a combination thereof.
 24. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition of claim 17, wherein said fluid additive precursor includes a protecting group that is capable of deprotecting said fluid additive precursor in the presence of atmospheric moisture.
 25. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition of claim 17, wherein said fluid additive precursor is capable of condensation curing to increase its molecular weight.
 26. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition of claim 25, wherein said fluid additive precursor includes a silane, a silyl ether, a silanol, an alcohol, or a combination or reaction product thereof.
 27. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition of claim 17, wherein said fluoropolymers are present in the triblock structure:

wherein: X, Y═CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p)-T, and X and Y are independently selected; p=1 to 50; T is a hydroxyl, amine, or thiol terminal group; m=1 to 100; and n=0 to
 100. 28. The anti-fouling segmented copolymer precursor composition of claim 17, wherein said first soft segments and said second soft segments are microphase-separated on a microphase-separation length scale from about 0.1 microns to about 500 microns. 